empresa de manufactura ecuatoriana en 2020

Carlos Alberto Ortí Maldonado

María Belén Castillo Quintana *

ABSTRACT

The present research focused on determining the

were applied digitally using Google forms. The population

studied was 151 workers and the sampling technique was

probabilistic. The results allowed determining that 74% of

the transformational leadership guidelines are practiced,

77% of transactional leadership and 9% of laissez-faire. The

level of digital transformation had an increase of 19% in the

fourth quarter compared to the first quarter of the year,

evidencing in practice the implementation of automation

mechanisms, use of digital media and documents and

implementation of technology. It was concluded through

Master in Business Administration, Maintenance Engineer, Chaide y Chaide

https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5633-9351

Internacional del Ecuador, Guayaquil, Ecuador, macastilloqu@uide.edu.ec,

belencastilloq@gmail.com, https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4480-7733

RESUMEN

La presente investigación se centró en determinar el estilo de liderazgo predominante

en las áreas productivas de una empresa de manufactura ecuatoriana, y el nivel de

transformación digital durante el año 2020. El estudio se desarrolló mediante la

investigación descriptiva transversal. Se utilizó el cuestionario multifactorial de liderazgo

y los indicadores clave de rendimiento como instrumentos, mismos que fueron aplicados

digitalmente mediante formularios de Google. La población estudiada fue de 151

trabajadores y la técnica de muestreo fue probabilística. Los resultados permitieron

tecnológico el estilo de liderazgo transformación con todas sus dimensiones es el más

adecuado ya que fomenta el desarrollo, innovación y gestión del conocimiento.

de liderazgo, Indicadores clave de rendimiento.

INTRODUCTION

The present research work aims to identify the leadership style that predominates in

the productive and administrative areas of an Ecuadorian manufacturing company in the

year 2020; as well as to determine the appropriate methodology to face the digital

progress of the digital transformation and technological changes is performed by

describing the organization's own key performance indicators in the short term. Finally,

through theoretical research, information on leadership theories is gathered to define

the components that encompass and determine the style that contains the

characteristics required to cope with the digital transformation.

In the last twenty years the Internet has considerably transformed the lifestyle of human

beings, habits and the way in which personal and work activities are carried out, as well

as allowing the development of important areas such as engineering, medicine and

especially if they are to take on challenges such as being business leaders.

Business models have also been adapting and in turn the value chains, most sectors point

to technological change, data analysis and real-time information to predict changes that

in the past were considered stable and today by the reality of the environment are

complex and volatile. In a study that deals with digital transformation strategies in the

business framework, Matt, (2015) mentioned that the transformation from practically

manual processes to digitized and more autonomous processes require following an

appropriate leadership strategy, which influences and impacts from its implementation

and poor execution. On the other hand, if the leadership style is not aligned with the

digital transformation or the strategy is not effective, the organization may be affected

by problems that will arise the process and mark it for years to come (Allio, 2015, p.

34).

Within the above context, this Ecuadorian company dedicated to manufacturing, has

company have also been adapting to the technology implemented, considerably

improving production times, ergonomics in work activities, quality control, internal

communication and compliance with objectives.

Leadership has been a little explored topic despite the organizational changes that have

been experienced, as is the case of personnel recruitment, which has marked a significant

generational difference among employees, as well as the implementation and

socialization of computer tools for management administration. Therefore, it is

important for the organization to have a clear view of the predominant leadership style

in the operational and administrative areas and to establish the objectives of digital

transformation for the year 2020 in order to properly determine a strategy that allows

company in the short term. Sow, (2018) mentioned that the digital transformation

process needs the company to be prepared for changes and interruptions in its routine

activities and processes during short periods of time and that could even take several

months, which entail the migration of information to database systems, optimization and

automation processes to improve efficiency indexes and development of activities that

will benefit the internal environment.

Based on the above premises, this research seeks to determine the leadership styles that

predominate in the productive and administrative areas of an Ecuadorian manufacturing

to find the solution of problems or questions, which are satisfied through the production

of new knowledge. For the present study, it is proposed to follow the quantitative type

of research, using the Multifactorial Leadership Questionnaire as instruments for

collecting information and through the analysis of Key Performance Indicators applied

to all the productive areas of the company. Abreau (2012) mentioned that, the objective

of implementing this design and type of research is not limited only to data collection,

but also characterizes, defines and analyzes in depth aspects such as behavior, customs,

activities and dominant characteristics in a social environment, in the same way, it allows

issuing predictions and relationships between various phenomena. In addition,

social phenomena, allows characterizing the situational state, highlighting the most

relevant and differentiating aspects. It follows a deductive logic, since it aims to establish

the relationship between leadership and digital transformation over a period of time,

which are currently necessary aspects for organizational development.

The variables under study affect all 151 people, so it is considered, to select the sample,

to apply the probability sampling technique. Considering that the population

corresponds to the 151 workers, the totality has been selected to be able to study in

Questionnaire has been implemented in different continents and in different languages,

adding up to the date of his study a total of 182 instruments applied in research on

leadership-oriented topics. On the other hand, Suarez (2017) demonstrated the validity

of the instrument in the Ecuadorian scenario that, in addition to having been reviewed

by experts, its implementation and results showed consistency with the environment

and the reality studied. The reliability of the information and instruments used in the

research lies mainly in the impartiality of the study since, by analyzing the organization

and its collaborators from an external perspective, there is no influence or manipulation

implementation. For authors such as Diazy, Berrecoso (2020); Diaz-Martín et al (2019)

The reliability of the instrument, which has been applied in several investigations, is

verified. According to, Vega (2004) mentioned in his research on the adaptation of the

Multifactorial Leadership Questionnaire of Bass and Avolio, the instrument was

submitted to verification whose reliability indicator, Cronbach's Alpha, has a value equal

to 0.9 which, according to his interpretation, indicates that the instrument is reliable and

to study Ecuadorian companies in approximately 4200 researches present in digital

repositories. In the research about Digital Maturity in manufacturing companies, Haro

(2019) mentioned that, to validate the instrument, the judgment of two to twenty

experts is required, who in such research corroborate the validity to measure digital

transformation maturity. Similarly, key performance indicators have been used in the

company to measure the percentage of digital transformation as part of one of the

strategic components.

The study universe is made up of 151 employees who are part of the payroll of the

Ecuadorian manufacturing company. Through the probabilistic technique described in

previous sections, each individual has the same opportunity to be selected for the study.

The Multifactorial Leadership Questionnaire is a tool that allows to quantitatively know

through its application the dimensions of leadership practiced in the different productive

areas of the organization. The answers to the 45 proposed questions are weighted with

values between 0 and 4 according to the Likert frequency. Once the questionnaire is

applied, the answers of the 151 employees of the company are recorded and grouped

in frequency tables to be analyzed through statistical tools.

The modal distribution is a tool that allows the statistical analysis of frequency tables in

such a way that, from a set of values, it is possible to determine the most representative

contrary, to determine the one that represents, through its frequency, the set of

individuals studied. To achieve this, the SPSS statistical analysis software is used to collect

the information and perform the programming to determine the statistical results.

Additionally, to avoid biases in the statistical analysis, a contrast with the arithmetic

mean, an analysis of the standard deviation and kurtosis is performed.

of the arithmetic mean is close to that of the mode and in turn the analysis of the

standard deviation and kurtosis confirm that the results of the survey are accumulated

between the aforementioned values.

Table 1. Statistical results of the Transformational Leadership dimensions.

Table 2 . Statistical results of the Transactional Leadership dimensions.

The dimensions corresponding to Laissez-Faire leadership are analyzed in a generalized

manner in Table 3, where the values of the responses representing the company are

determined through the mode and the arithmetic mean. The results of the standard

deviation and kurtosis confirm that the responses revolve around the mean and mode.

Table 3 . Statistical results of the Laissez-Faire Leadership dimensions.

Once the results of belonging to each of the leadership dimensions have been analyzed,

we proceed to determine the percentage value of the leadership styles that are practiced

in the different productive areas specifically and the value considering the totality of the

manufacturing company located in Ecuador. Table 7 shows the percentage results