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Consumption study using blends of additives and
local fuels in combined cycles at 2800 meters above
sea level.
Estudio de consumo usando mezclas de aditivos y
combustibles locales en ciclos combinados a 2800 msnm
Brayan Steve Guanulema Nepas
*
Omar Ricardo Felix Pacheco
*
Alian Roberto Guanulema Nepas
*
Guillermo Gorky Reyes Campaña
*
ABSTRACT
The increase in the consumption of low octane fuel
in Ecuador has meant a loss of performance in
engines, to solve this problem a higher octane is
needed due to new technologies, taking into account
the increase in gasoline prices, it has been decided to
use different additives, through this research the
influence that additives have on the fuel consumption
of vehicles was determined through an analysis in real
conditions of the variations in fuel efficiency, using
the fuel that is distributed locally and additives that
are offered in the DMQ, The quantitative method
was implemented with a vehicle of Korean origin
with which several combined cycle route tests were
carried out using two types of fuel and with the
mixture of different additives, an external tank was
placed in order to have an exact measurement taking
into account the EPA FTP 75 regulations and what
the manufacturer's manual says with the geography
in which we are located, it was determined that
* Automotive Engineering, Universidad Internacional del Ecuador, Quito,
Ecuador. brguanulemane@uide.edu.ec, https://orcid.org/0009-0007-
0015-4447
Automotive Engineer, Universidad Internacional del Ecuador, Quito,
Ecuador. alguanulemane@uide.edu.ec, https://orcid.org/0009-0007-
2485-7155,
Automotive Engineer, Universidad Internacional del Ecuador, Quito,
Ecuador, omfelixpa@uide.edu.ec, https://orcid.org/0009-0008-0655-
8087
D. in Higher Education, Universidad Internacional del Ecuador, Quito,
Ecuador. gureyesca@uide.edu.ec, Universidad Internacional del Ecuador,
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7133-9509
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gasoline 6 with additive 2 obtained a significant saving
compared to the other tests carried out where a
great variation was not obtained in order to
determine a lower consumption both in positive
slopes and in negative slopes.
Keywords: Consumption, Additives, Prices,
Gasoline.
RESUMEN
El incremento en el consumo de combustible de bajo
octanaje en el Ecuador ha significado una pérdida de
rendimiento en los motores, para resolver este
problema se necesita un mayor octanaje debido a las
nuevas tecnologías, tomando en cuenta el aumento
de precios en la gasolina se ha optado por utilizar
diferentes aditivos, mediante la presente
investigación se determinó la influencia que tienen los
aditivos en el consumo de combustible de los
vehículos a través de un análisis en condiciones reales
de las variaciones en el rendimiento de combustible,
utilizando el combustible que se distribuye a nivel
local y aditivos que se ofertan en el DMQ, se
implementó el método cuantitativo con un vehículo
de procedencia coreana con el cual se efectuó
diversas pruebas de ruta de ciclo combinado
utilizando dos tipos de combustible y con la mezcla
de diferentes aditivos, se colocó un tanque externo
para así tener una medición exacta tomando en
cuenta la normativa EPA FTP 75 y lo que dice el
manual del fabricante con la geografía a la que nos
encontramos, se determinó que la gasolina 6 con el
aditivo 2 obtuvo un ahorro significativo a
comparación de las demás pruebas realizadas donde
no se obtuvo una gran variación para poder
determinar un menor consumo tanto en pendientes
positivas como en pendientes negativas.
Palabras clave: Consumo, Aditivos, Precios,
Gasolina.
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INTRODUCTION
Nationally, there is a large increase in SUV vehicles which means an increase in fuel consumption,
this type of vehicle brings with it new engine technologies, this implies that a higher octane fuel
is needed to avoid damage to engine parts. In Ecuador, "in the first half of 2022, the demand for
super gasoline fell 20%, this happened the same in the period of 2021. The increase in the price
of this fuel drives drivers to migrate to other gasolines". (Serrano, 2022). The use of this type of
low octane fuels has an impact on engine performance variation and also on an increase in
environmental problems. Different alternatives have been tested in search of reducing the
affectation to the engines due to the low octane rating of gasoline, one of them is the use of
additives. In the present investigation it was analyzed if the additives improve combustion, reduce
fuel consumption and contaminating emissions, without affecting the mechanical components,
and determine which is the adequate percentage, so that they are functional, comparing with a
fuel that is distributed at a local level.
This research determined the influence that additives have on the fuel consumption of vehicles,
in order to establish through analysis under real conditions the variations in the fuel consumption
of engines using the fuel that is distributed locally and the implementation of additives that are
offered in the DMQ through a comparative study. In the first instance, the most sold vehicles at
the local level were established in order to carry out the research. Subsequently, the different
types of local additives were analyzed, with their technical data sheets and through field research
to determine the most viable ones to improve engine performance. Once the vehicles and
additives were selected, dynamic tests were carried out applying EPA FTP 75 regulations with
different types of fuels without additives and with additive concentrations, establishing specific
driving routes and under real conditions. Finally, a comparison was made of the variation in fuel
consumption with the use of local fuels and with the implementation of additives marketed in
the DMQ, to determine whether there is a variation in fuel consumption and pollutant emissions
in laboratory and road tests.
"Tracking the difference in fuel consumption between official or manual and real-world
measurements is a topic of great interest to policy makers and researchers worldwide" (Ktistakis
et al., 2022). In addition, "concerns about the environmental and energy crisis worldwide have
drawn attention to the reduction of fuel consumption of internal combustion engines"
(Karnaukhov et al., 2022). To measure or determine fuel consumption, indirect tests exist,
mainly the carbon balance method, however, performing this type of test presents requirements
that are difficult to follow (Fu et al., 2021). Most of the fuel and lubricants are imported from
other countries. The issue of fuel economy is relevant (Troyanovskaya, 2022). Fuel consumption
of the transport sector accounts for about 30% of total greenhouse gas emissions (Alshayeb et
al., 2021). Vehicles with new technologies are those that require better quality fuel to guarantee
the useful life of the engines. Currently, in the Ecuadorian market, super gasoline is the highest
quality with 92 octane (Serrano, 2022). The research was carried out by performing fuel
consumption tests with different percentages of additives and fuels marketed nationally, which
are, consumption tests with Super and Extra gasoline, the tests were conducted in two modes,
one of them consumption tests on the road in ideal driving conditions, for which a driving model
was applied both in urban and highway or extra-urban route applying the EPA FTP 75 regulations
to establish fuel consumption.
Gasolines are a mixture of hydrocarbons obtained by fractional distillation of crude oil, whose
properties of volatility, flammability and octane rating provide the vehicle's engine with easy cold
starting and maximum power during acceleration.
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"In 1990, Super gasoline was introduced in the national market, a gasoline that according to
Ecuadorian regulations has 92 octane, as part of a requirement for new internal combustion
engine technologies that have a high compression ratio. Also, as a contribution to the protection
of the environment, since it does not contain tetraethyl lead as an antiknock agent, a substance
that causes severe damage to health." (Alexandra Aguilar, 2016)
Octane rating
The octane number is the anti-knock characteristic of gasoline, i.e. how easy the fuel is to ignite.
The anti-knock index is the sum of the octane number obtained by the Research method and
the octane number obtained by the Motor method. (Plaza, 2020)
Eq. [1]
Where (IAD) is the anti-knock index, (MON) motor octane number, (RON) is the Research
octane number.
Fuel characteristics
The physical characteristics of a fuel are those that affect its ability to form a gaseous mixture of
fuel and air suitable for the type of engine in which it is to be used; they also influence its storage,
transportation and sales criteria. The chemical characteristics, on the other hand, affect its
capacity and behavior during combustion and also its safety during storage. (Flores, 2004)
Table 1. Physicochemical characteristics of fuels
Feature
Unit
Extra
Super
Octane number
RON
87
92
Specific gravity
Kg/ cm³
0,73
0,76
Calorific value
KJ/Kg
47901,51
46201,779
Density
Kg/m³
680
725
Distillation 10%
Distillation
°C
70
70
Distillation 50%
Distillation
°C
121
121
Distillation 90%
°C
189
190
Final point
°C
215
220
Distillation residue
%
2
2
Vapor pressure
kPa
56
60
Gum content
mg/100 cm³
3
4
Sulfur content, Ws
%
0,075
0,1
Oxidation stability
min.
240
240
Oxygen content
%
2,7
2,7
Note: Authors based on (INEC, 2002)
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Additives
Additives, octane boosters are both solid and non-solid elements elaborated with
physicochemical characteristics specific to each manufacturer with the purpose of improving the
performance and benefits of fuels, such as cleaning, power increase and mainly fuel consumption,
which was defined with greater certainty through the research.
Table 2. Physical and chemical characteristics of the additives
Feature
Aggregation state
ASTM Color
Kinematic Viscosity
Flash point
Density
Note: Authors based on (Juan Rocha, 2015)
Fuel consumption
To determine the consumption with different fuels that are marketed locally, the following
formula must be taken into consideration. where (L) is the consumption in lt/km, (V) average
speed in km/h and (a, b, c and d) are the vehicle parameters indicated by the manufacturer.
Eq. [2]
Where
(L) is the consumption in lt/km,
(V) average speed in km/h and
(a, b, c and d) are the vehicle parameters and are given by the manufacturer.
Another way to calculate fuel consumption is by the following formula:
Eq. [3]
Where (Fc) is fuel consumption lt/100km, (V) is vehicle speed km/h, (R) average road uphill
m/km, (F) average road downhill m/km, (IRI) international regularity index and (a
1
) model
parameters.
Poor and rich mix
Rich blend has a higher volume of gasoline than air and a lower ratio of 14.7:1 with higher fuel
consumption and more pollutant gases produced.
Lean mixtures have a higher air volume and a higher ratio of 14.7:1 and are required under the
following conditions.
Table 3. Type of mixtures and their characteristics
Rich mix
Poor Blend
Starting the engine
Motor in stable speed
Accelerating
Saves fuel
More engine power
May have rattling
Note: Authors
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Polluting gases
Exhaust gases are produced by the combustion of fuel. It includes a wide range of pollutants such
as: carbon monoxide and dioxide, hydrocarbons, nitrogen oxides and particulates. The amount
of tailpipe emissions depends on the characteristics of the car, technology and emission control
system; heavier cars.
A gasoline vehicle generally consumes approximately 6 liters per 100 kilometers in order to
calculate the CO2 generated per kilometer by multiplying 2392 grams (coefficient) by the 6 liters
and dividing by 100 km.
Table 4. Pollutant emissions generated by gasoline-powered vehicles
Type of emissions
Exhaust pipe
Evaporatives
Note: Authors based on (Camacho, 2009)
MATERIALS AND METHODS
The method applied in the research was the quantitative experimental method, because through
this method numerical data are obtained to prove or disprove a thesis, this was the purpose of
the research, within the main variables, the altitude at which the tests were conducted was
determined, in this case they were carried out in the city of Quito with an altitude of 2800
meters above sea level, the vehicle used was a car of Korean origin, it is a medium range vehicle
in Ecuador according to the 2021 yearbook of the AEADE. Another variable determined was
the gasoline to be used, in this case gasoline marketed locally was used (Extra and Super
gasoline). The additives used were determined according to their popularity in the local
environment (national, European and American respectively).
External storage tank
The fuel tank was made with glass materials and glue resistant to different fuels to avoid fuel
leaks during the tests, the tank had a maximum capacity of 24 liters divided into 2 sections for
the established routes. An original fuel pump of the vehicle was used to have the same fuel
pressure and not vary the fuel performance, the pump was connected directly to the piping of
the fuel supply system.
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Figure 1: Fuel tank
Test vehicle
The vehicle to perform the tests is a car of Korean origin, this is a mid-range suv vehicle at
national level according to the AEADE, taking into account the correct operation of the engine
and preventive maintenance to obtain a good performance of the same during the tests, also the
vehicle meets the emission standards established by the INEN 2204 regulations.
Figure 2: Test vehicle
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The main technical specifications of the test vehicle were detailed in the following table.
Table 5. Technical specifications of the test vehicle
Technical specifications
Engine
1.999L
Torque(ps/rpm)
154/6200
Power(hp/rpm)
114/5200
Compression ratio
10.3: 1
Transmission
5-speed manual
Note: Hyundai Ecuador
Fuels
There are 3 fuels offered at the national level, one of the most sold at the national level is Extra
because it is more desirable due to its price, but vehicles with new technologies need Super fuel.
In the present investigation, Super and Extra fuels were used, including additives.
Table 6. Fuel characteristics
Feature
Extra
Super
Octane rating
87
92
Price
$2,40
$5,20
Note: Authors
Additives
Through a field investigation, the most commercialized additives at the local level were
established. The octane boosters are imported and distributed by different companies in the
country, whose characteristics and ideal proportions according to the technical data sheets
provided by the manufacturers are detailed in Table 7.
Table 7. Technical specifications of additives
Specifications
United States
Germany
Ecuador
Engine
Gasoline
Gasoline
Gasoline
Volume
148 ml
500 ml
125 ml
Octane rating increase
3
3
3
Recommended use
1 additive per tank up to 16
gallons
1 additive per tank up
to 13 gallons
1 additive per tank
up to 16 gallons
Note: Authors based on (Bardahl, n.d.), (Mannol, n.d.), (Qualco, n.d.)
Measuring equipment
The tests were carried out in a millimeter tank, built with a capacity of 6 gallons or 24 liters of
fuel and therefore installed at the rear of the vehicle to monitor consumption and data collection.
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Figure 3: Fuel Tank
Altitude during tests
To measure the heights during the tests, the altimeter application altimeter was used, which is
available in the Apple app store, where it was observed that the maximum height during the
tests was 3169 meters above sea level, while the minimum height of the route was 2396 meters
above sea level, with a difference of 773 meters in height.
Figure 4: Heights
Fuel and additive samples
Figure 5 shows the additive samples, which are shown in the first three test tubes, as well as the
fuels used for the study, whose color characteristics are detailed below. It should be noted that
all the fuels were purchased at the same service station to avoid variations in the results.
1. Domestic additive
2. European additive
3. American additive
4. Super-Extra Blend
5. Extra Gasoline
6. Super Gasoline
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Figure 5: Fuels and Additives Samples
Test site
The tests were conducted with a route of 66.4 kilometers, which begins halfway around the
world on Simon Bolivar Avenue and ends in the city of Machachi, which is a route where it can
be maintained at a constant speed and without traffic with significant consumption, this route
was determined, based on a field investigation, where it was found that Simon Bolivar Avenue,
was one of the busiest on trips to the highlands of the country.
Figure 6: Test route
Note: Google Maps
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Regulations
EPA FTP 75
The EPA Urban Driving Schedule (UDDS) is commonly referred to as "LA4" or "the city test"
and represents city driving conditions. It is used for light vehicle testing. UN/ECE Regulation 53
refers to the EPA UDDS as the "Test equivalent to the Type 1 test (emissions verification after
a cold start)." (Us Epa, O, n.d.)
RESULTS
Input data
The route for the tests was established as described in the materials and methods,
through the application of the regulations that indicate the percentage of acceleration,
thus generating consumption without significant variations between each of the tests
carried out, in addition all the tests were performed with the same vehicle driver, so the
accelerations, speed and test time were similar in all the case studies.
Table 9. Test variables
Variable
P1
P2
Earrings
3168
2398
msnm
Length
66,3
66,3
Km
Temperature
8
8
°C
Fuel
S/E
S/E
Additives
A1, A2, A3
A1, A2, A3
Regulations
FTP-75
FTP-75
Schedule
11
11
p.m.
Relative humidity
81
81
%
Average speed
60
60
km/h
% of additive mix
10
10
%
Note: Authors
The variable data established in Table 9 were taken during the tests, whose values were
standardized for all the tests performed.
Individual results
The results are based on the use of the three additives, in a percentage of 10% for every
8 liters of fuel. Once the tests were carried out, it was determined that the data were
similar in the negative slope condition as well as in the positive slope condition.
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Figure 7: Consumption per lap
Comparison of results
In the results of consumption per lap it was observed that with gasoline 5 the highest
consumption was obtained with a result of 10 liters, where the lowest consumption was
obtained is gasoline 6 plus additive 2 with a consumption of 9.125 liters, with a significant
difference with respect to the former.
Figure 8: Positive slope
The following results were obtained on the positive slopes, i.e., the one-way trip, in
which the lowest consumption is seen in the case of the fuel mixture 6 plus additive 2,
with a consumption of 5.35 liters, in the case of the highest consumption it was
determined that it is fuel number 5 with a consumption of 5.5 liters.
10
9,575
9,75
9,95
9,75
9,125
9,8
9,95
9,65
8,9352
8,4
8,5
8,6
8,7
8,8
8,9
9
9,1
9,2
9,3
9,4
9,5
9,6
9,7
9,8
9,9
10
10,1
combustible 5
combustible 6
combustible 4
combustible 6 + aditivo 1
combustible 6 + aditivo 3
combustible 6 + aditivo 2
combustible 5 + aditivo 1
combustibe 5 + aditivo 3
comnustible 5 + aditivo 2
Ficha tecnica
5,5 5,5
5,45 5,45 5,45 5,45 5,45
5,4
5,35
5,25
5,3
5,35
5,4
5,45
5,5
5,55
combustible 5
combustible 6 +…
combustible 6
combustible 4
combustible 6 +…
combustible 5 +…
combustible 5 +…
combustible 5 +…
combustible 6 +…
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Figure 9: Negative slope
The negative slopes, i.e. when the route is downhill, a similar consumption was obtained
in most of the cases, in which it can be observed in the same way that fuel 6 plus additive
2 is the mixture that generates a greater fuel saving than the others with a consumption
of 3.7 liters, while the mixture condition that established the lowest fuel saving is fuel 5
plus additive 3 with a consumption of 4.5 liters.
Comparison
Figure 10 shows that fuel 6 had the lowest difference with respect to the other fuels,
with a difference of 12% more consumption with respect to that established by the
vehicle's technical data sheet, while the lowest consumption in additive and fuel mixtures
established that fuel 6 plus additive 2 had the lowest consumption with respect to the
technical data sheet with a difference of 2% more consumption, This means that the
differences with respect to the technical data sheet are mainly due to the conditions
under which the consumption tests are performed by the manufacturer, which are
carried out under ideal conditions, while the tests in this study are performed under
local conditions.
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Figure 10: Comparison with data sheet
CONCLUSIONS
The additive that generated the greatest fuel savings was additive 2, with a 2% difference in
consumption when mixed with fuel 6, compared to the data obtained from the technical data
sheet, which indicates significant fuel savings. In relation to using only gasoline in vehicles,
especially if we make long-term projections.
In conditions of positive slopes, more fuel was consumed compared to the negative slope
condition, the variation is given due to the force that the engine has to perform to overcome
such positive slopes and taking into account the altitude at which we are at the end of the
outbound route that has an altitude of 3168 meters above sea level.
In the comparison with the technical data sheet, it was established that with the best fuel sold
in the country (6), we have a 7% higher consumption than what is stated in the technical data
sheet, which is generated mainly because the tests carried out for the preparation of the
technical data sheet are performed in ideal geographical and climatic conditions and with a fuel
with a better octane rating.
innovation.
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