El proceso
administrativo: Una herramienta de gestión empresarial para la sostenibilidad
de los micronegocios en Sucre – Manabí
Mayra Yasmina Espinoza Arauz[*]
Robert Antonio Veliz Estacio*
Luis Miguel Mejia Ruperti*
Jairo Enrique Intriago Torres*
Lida Cumandá Paladines Poma*
ABSTRACT
This
research is part of the results of the training project "Sustainable
Entrepreneurship" from the educational practice to strengthen the
professional and organizational activity, ULEAM Sucre", which among one of
its approaches is to diagnose the current situation of enterprises in the area.
This research was carried out with the objective of analyzing the
administrative process of the micro businesses located in the Cesar Rupertti
Dueñas avenue of the Leónidas Plaza parish, Sucre - Manabí, to know its
incidence in their business management and to obtain true information that
allows the understanding and development of the present one. In order to end
the administrative misinformation by
small traders and / or entrepreneurs in the locality, thus managing to stay in
the labor market, generate employment for others and promote economic growth in
the country. Therefore, a qualitative-quantitative research was carried out
through a descriptive study, since it identifies elements and characteristics
of the problem, with the application of the deductive method and the survey
research technique, which were of great help in gathering information. As a
result, most of the owners of the microbusinesses have defined their
objectives, half of them have a control of income and expenses, few have an
accounting system and inventory, and almost all have the corresponding
permit . In short, it shows that most
of the small business owners have not
yet defined the goals to be achieved, which does not ensure that the
effort made throughout the process was worthwhile. It should be emphasized that
to devise and improve the sales plan of a business to achieve economic growth,
which all entrepreneurs seek, more knowledge and prior training is needed.
Keywords:
SMEs, entrepreneurs, management, accounting system,
economic growth.
RESUMEN
La presente investigación es
parte de los resultados del proyecto formativo “Emprendimiento Sostenible”
desde la práctica educativa para fortalecer la actividad profesional y
organizacional, ULEAM Sucre”, que entre unos de sus enfoques es diagnosticar la
situación actual de los emprendimientos de la zona. Esta investigación se realizó
con el objetivo de analizar el proceso administrativo de los micros negocios
ubicados en la avenida Cesar Rupertti Dueñas de la parroquia Leónidas Plaza,
cantón Sucre – Manabí, para conocer su incidencia en la gestión empresarial de
los mismos y obtener información verídica que permita el entendimiento y el
desarrollo de la presente. Con la finalidad de acabar con la desinformación
administrativa por parte de los pequeños
comerciantes y/o emprendedores de la localidad, logrando así mantenerse en el
mercado laboral, generar empleo para las demás personas y promover el
crecimiento económico en el país. Por tanto, se efectuó una investigación
cuali-cuantitativa mediante un estudio descriptivo, ya que identifica elementos
y características del problema, con la aplicación del método deductivo y la
técnica de investigación la encuesta las cuales fueron de gran ayuda para
recabar la información. Dando como resultado que la mayoría de los propietarios
de los micros negocios tienen definidos los objetivos, la mitad de ellos lleva
un control de egresos e ingresos, pocos cuentan con un sistema contable e
inventario y casi todos con el permiso
correspondiente. En definitiva, muestra que la mayor parte de los pequeños
comerciantes antes de situar su local aún no
tiene definido las metas a alcanzarse lo que no asegura si el esfuerzo
realizado durante todo el proceso valió la pena, cabe recalcar que para idear y
mejorar el plan de ventas de un negocio para lograr el crecimiento económico,
que todos los emprendedores buscan hace falta mayor conocimientos y una
capacitación previa.
Palabras clave: PYMES, emprendedores,
administración, sistema contable, crecimiento económico.ç
INTRODUCTION
If
more people took into account that "microenterprises are of great
importance for Ecuador, Latin America and the world for their ability to
generate employment and income contributing to the national productive
apparatus and boosting economic activity" (Ruth Yadira Sumba Bustamante, 2018, p. 2)
would help to evolve this area leaving many doors open in its path. This means
that businesses that operate with less than 9 workers and a sales level up to
one hundred thousand dollars, dedicated to commercial, service, industrial
activities, such as: neighborhood stores, clothing vendors, pharmacies,
hardware stores and among other businesses, make up a small business generating
great changes in the economy of a country.
This
research is based on the most important part of a business or enterprise, which
is the administration. The study site of the present study is located in the
province of Manabí, canton Sucre, parish of Leonidas Plaza, specifically
throughout the avenue Cesar Rupertti Dueñas (GAD Municipal Sucre, 2016)
in which there are several small businesses and enterprises.
In
a preliminary investigation of the premises located on that avenue, we were
able to identify some problems totally related to the administrative part and
their permanence in the labor market.
The
business environment is very dynamic and uncertain...therefore, micro, small
and medium-sized enterprises (MSMEs) are the most vulnerable and uncertain to
face changes. Since, despite representing the engine of the economy and job
generation, they lack either profits, planning or competitiveness, which, in
many cases, causes their closure even before reaching five years of operation. (Becerra Bizarrón & Cortes Palacios, 2018, p.1)
By
means of an exhaustive analysis through surveys of the owners and/or
proprietors of the stores, the main problem of the businesses on the avenue
mentioned above was found to be that the empirical and experimental management
developed by the owners affects their productivity. Some of the main causes are
the lack of training in business administration and the owners' lack of
interest in preparing themselves to manage a business correctly.
Many
are the barriers that economic theory points out as inhibitors to the success
of SMEs (small and medium enterprises) and the creation of new sources of
employment, such as lack of access to financing, a weak administrative
capacity, lack of skilled workers, inability to exploit economies of scale,
lack of information on market opportunities, lack of access to new technologies
and organizational methods. (Ricardo Monge González, 2019, p. 2).
The
objective of the following research work is to analyze the administrative
process (planning, organization, management, and control) of microbusinesses in
order to understand its impact on business management. Therefore, "...keeping updated
is of vital importance..." (INESEM, 2004) to develop in a better way in this field.
One of the main erroneous
thoughts of society in general is always to be reluctant to change, since their
thoughts, attitudes, behaviors and beliefs are always based on antiquity.
Having already proven that training is the best way to prepare in this case the
manager of a business, because, if he wants an economic growth, he will do it
according to his knowledge. For this reason the "...purpose of all
companies has been focused on changing their mental model"
(Rodriguez, 2003, p. 1) .
In
this way it is necessary to carry out studies focused on the behavior of the
owners of the premises in the administrative area in order to know more in
depth about this topic, covering first of all, in what way does motivational
training influence the owners of the businesses, since the great majority is
based simply on the little knowledge obtained, do they have written or defined objectives, being of
great importance to know where their enterprise is directed and finally to
observe in what way the administration of the place is more feasible for them,
so that they can obtain economic growth.
In
micro businesses "their growth and
business management has been very limited, due to the lack of knowledge and
application of technical tools by their managers" (Estrella Quispe & Pérez Hidalgo, 2014) , resulting in high levels of failures.
The
following work is framed in the administrative process that entrepreneurs take,
trying to encourage and motivate them towards training for the area already
described, well, it is known that this process takes some time, therefore, it
is considered that the owners become aware and train themselves before starting
a business.
The
largest commercial area in the parish is located mainly on César Ruperti Dueñas Avenue, which runs
through most of Leonidas Plaza parish. Ruperti Dueñas Avenue, which
crosses a large part of the Leonidas Plaza parish. It is common to visit the
area and perceive that there are new businesses and at the same time that
others close their activities permanently. Faced with such a changing
situation, it is necessary to know the reasons why it is preliminarily
visualized that there is a lot of entrepreneurship and
at the same time, a high number of businesses that fail. "SMEs are
currently considered the most productive sector in the economy of a country" (Ron Amores & Sacoto Castillo, 2017,p. 10) .
How
important it is to know that "Management is essential for the existence,
survival and success of organizations" (Idalberto, 2006, p. 29)
. It should be emphasized that the premises of the aforementioned avenue, have
great possibilities of continuing in productivity, but it is the administrative
parts that take full control of it, it is for this reason that this research is
intended to reach the entire entrepreneurial public before executing any
action.
The
ideology of management "...was so essential for the success of the manager
and of the organizations..." (Idalberto, 2006, p. 10)
, since a business is exposed to several changes among them the most important
is the presentation of the business and the publicity that the owner presents
to the buyers. So that it will form positive changes in an establishment
"...despite being theory, the General Theory of Administration (G.T.A.) is
incredibly instrumental, since it gives the administrator the most powerful
weapon: his conceptual ability. Knowing how to think and know how to diagnose
before executing..." (Idalberto, 2006, p. 11) .
With
this phrase of Idalberto Chiavenato
there is no doubt about the great mental power that is obtained by being
informed of this or that situation in which you want to enter, as in this case
the world of administration, because it is so immense that it is impossible to
be totally covered by it, that is to say, there are situations that you can
know what to do and how to do them, however there will be many others that you
will not even know where to start, hence the importance of getting into the
administration before performing any action that in the future does not
materialize in a good way and take a wrong path.
This
study will be of great contribution for the administrative and/or
entrepreneurial community that requires some information on the management of
this area, for which it will be of utmost importance in first action to promote
in that sector or any other to prior training, which directly promotes economic
activity in the country, therefore "the administration has a comprehensive
and universal approach to see business..." (Milenio, 2012, p. 14) .
SMEs
have been greatly affected by the prolongation of global competitiveness
because many of them do not have financial support, economies of scale or are
not competent enough to keep up in competitive markets. For this reason, they
have had to adapt to the logic of free trade, in order to reproduce capital,
which has led to the growing interconnection of markets around the world. (Ron Amores & Sacoto Castillo, 2017)
Finally,
as mentioned above, the presentation is the most important part of a business,
since if the client sees a clean, well presented and
organized place, he will undoubtedly approach it, unlike if he sees the
opposite. So is advertising, because if the place is well commented and
attracts attention by what is said about it, it will make the presence of
customers as such.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
In this research the descriptive type of study is used
because it identifies elements and characteristics of the problem in which it
is intended to demonstrate the characterization of facts and situations. The importance
of this is to pretend that the locals have a better administrative management
on the other hand also seeks to improve the management of resources in micro
entrepreneurs for them to have a clearer idea and give them another result in
their profits, hoping that this research of positive fruits to society creating
a change in the administrative part of small and large commercial.
The research method applied is deductive since it
gathers information about the reality of microenterprises specifically in the
Cesar Rupertti Dueñas
Avenue in the Leónidas Plaza parish in the Sucre
canton - Manabí.
The research technique applied for the collection of
information and the main source of it are the surveys that serve as the basis
for the analysis of the research, directed directly to the owners of the
microenterprises on the avenue and to the customers who visit this place, which
after their application were tabulated and interpreted to know the situation in
which they are.
For the sample of microenterprises, simple random
sampling was used in which all microbusinesses have the opportunity to be
surveyed, obtaining valid and important data for the research.
It was not possible to initially define the population
of Cesar Rupertti Dueñas
Avenue because there were no statistics on microentrepreneurs, so we went from
store to store, counting each one. Therefore, the sample is made up of 72
stores located in Leonidas Plaza through which we were able to know the
administrative part of them. The research used a probabilistic type of sampling
since it worked with surveys and simple random sampling in which all the micro
businesses were surveyed so that there are independent random variables
yielding representative data.
This research is part of the results of the training
project "Sustainable Entrepreneurship from educational practice to
strengthen professional and organizational activity, ULEAM SUCRE", which
among one of its focuses is to diagnose the current situation of
entrepreneurship in the northern area of Manabí - Ecuador (Espinoza Arauz, et
al., 2024).
RESULTS
The
administrative area plays a fundamental role in the stores on Cesar Rupertti
Dueñas Avenue, which is why we mention below what they currently do to keep
track. First we inquired about the products offered and we found several of
them such as: groceries, vegetables, clothing and footwear stores, cyber,
telephone booths, banks, cooperatives, automotive workshops, refrigerators,
bookstores and printers, copiers, bars, restaurants, hairdressers, barbers,
hardware stores, hotels, hostels, gyms,
butchers and bakeries. Then it was found that 86% of the premises have
objectives, 50% have a control of income and expenses, 74% have a manual
accounting system and the same percentage have inventories, half of them have
an organization chart, and finally 92% have the corresponding permit. This means that most of the businesses in
Leonidas Plaza do not have total control of the administrative part of their
business or that it has an impact on their sales.
As is known,
in this research everything is framed in the administrative part of a business,
which is why it must have a good management mainly of income and expenses, so
that it can survive in the world of large markets. In the same way it is
necessary and of utmost importance that the micro businesses or enterprises of
the Cesar Rupertti Dueñas
Avenue have an accounting system to know the financial status and if they have
an economic growth or if their capital has decreased, since, with this system
they will know if their business is profitable or not, and if it could generate
more resources, not only for them but also, offering jobs and improving the
quality of life of some families in the sector, since, this would mobilize the
sector on the economic side.
Table 1. Type
of product sold.
|
1.- What type of product do you sell? |
||
|
ALTERNATIVE |
QUANTITY |
PERCENTAGE |
|
Groceries and legumes |
8 |
11% |
|
Pharmacie |
8 |
11% |
|
Clothing and
footwear store |
10 |
14% |
|
Cyber and phone booths |
5 |
7% |
|
Banks and cooperatives |
1 |
1% |
|
Workshops and automotive |
4 |
6% |
|
Refrigerator |
1 |
1% |
|
Bookstore and printing |
3 |
4% |
|
Copiers |
1 |
1% |
|
Bar and |
7 |
10% |
|
Hairdressing and barber shop |
5 |
7% |
|
Hardware store |
4 |
6% |
|
Hotels and |
4 |
6% |
|
Gym |
2 |
3% |
|
Butcher's sho |
3 |
4% |
|
Panderas |
6 |
8% |
|
Total |
72 |
100% |
The
investigation revealed that in the parish of Leonidas Plaza 14% are clothing
and footwear stores, 11% groceries and vegetables, 11% pharmacies, 10% bars and
restaurants, 8% bakeries, 7% cyber and telephone booths, 6% hotels, 6% hardware
stores, 4% butcher shops, 3% gymnasiums, 1% banks, 1% refrigerators and 1%
copiers.
Table 2. Business
objectives.
|
2- Do you have written or defined business
objectives? |
||
|
ALTERNATIVE |
FREQUENCY |
PERCENTAGE |
|
Yes |
62 |
86% |
|
No |
10 |
14% |
|
Total |
72 |
100% |
In the
research conducted, it is known that in business 86% of the people have defined
their objective; while 14% state that their objective is not yet defined.
Table 3.
Keep track of income and expenses in a budget.
|
3) Do you keep track of
income and expenses in a budget? |
||
|
ALTERNATIVES |
FREQUENCY |
PERCENTAGE |
|
Dail |
36 |
50% |
|
Weekly |
15 |
21% |
|
Monthly |
16 |
22% |
|
Semiannual |
5 |
7% |
|
Total |
72 |
100% |
The research
shows that 50% of the business owners do their accounting on a daily basis;
while 21% do their accounting on a weekly basis; the other 22% do their
accounting on a monthly basis; and 7% do their accounting on a semi-annual
basis.
Table 4. Businesses
with an accounting system or are carried out manually.
|
4) Does the business have an accounting system or is
it done manually? |
||
|
Alternative |
frequency |
percentage |
|
yes |
53 |
74% |
|
no |
19 |
26% |
|
total |
72 |
100% |
The project
has revealed that 74% of the businesses have an accounting system, that is,
most of the micro-businesses do have an appropriate system for controlling
their income and expenses, while 16% do not.
Table 5. Inventory
control
|
5) Do you have an inventory control of the products
you have in your business? |
||
|
Alternative |
frequency |
percentage |
|
yes |
53 |
74% |
|
no |
19 |
26% |
|
total |
72 |
100% |
The
investigation revealed that 74% of the owners have an inventory control system
that allows them to know the quantity of products sold, while the remaining 26%
do not have one for various reasons.
Table 6.
Business organization chart.
|
6) Do you have an organizational chart of your
business? |
||
|
Alternative |
frequency |
percentage |
|
Yes |
39 |
54% |
|
No |
33 |
46% |
|
Total |
72 |
100% |
The research
revealed that 54% of the businesses have an organizational chart, while 46% do
not have an organizational chart in their business.
Table 7. Means
of communication used
|
7) What media do you use to
publicize your products and company? |
||
|
Alternative |
frequency |
percentage |
|
Radio |
18 |
25% |
|
Networking |
8 |
11% |
|
Only the sign on the premises
|
38 |
53% |
|
Flyer |
3 |
4% |
|
None |
4 |
6% |
|
Others |
1 |
1% |
|
Total |
72 |
100% |
The research revealed that the most commonly
used product advertisements are signs outside the stores with 53%, radio 25%,
social networks 11%, flyers 4%, none 6%, and others with 1%.
Table 8. Reason
to the customer.
|
8) Do you believe that the customer is always right? |
||
|
Alternative |
frequency |
percentage |
|
Very much in agreement |
35 |
49% |
|
Neither agree nor
disagree |
29 |
40% |
|
Disagree |
7 |
10% |
|
Strongly |
1 |
1% |
|
Total |
72 |
100% |
According to
the graph it was found that 49% of the owners agree that customers are always
right since 40% of the owners say that they neither agree nor disagree that the
customer is right but 10% of the owners disagree that the customer is right but
1% strongly disagree that the customer is right.
Table 9. Permits
of the Law for the business.
|
Do you have the corresponding legal permits for the
operation of your business? |
||
|
Alternative |
frequency |
percentage |
|
Yes |
66 |
92% |
|
No |
6 |
8% |
|
Total |
72 |
100% |
The
following analysis shows that 92% have the corresponding permits, while 8% have
not obtained all their permits for their legal operation.
Table 10. Profit
purposes of the different businesses.
|
Only if your business is a
family business, please answer the following questions: Are the sales or
profits generated by the business used for other purposes not related to the
economic activity? |
||
|
Alternative |
frequency |
percentage |
|
Always |
15 |
26% |
|
Most of the time if |
10 |
17% |
|
Sometimes
yes sometimes no |
18 |
31% |
|
Most of the time it does not |
6 |
10% |
|
Never |
9 |
16% |
|
Total |
58 |
100% |
In the graph
it was possible to analyze that most of them always work with a family
business, which is valued at 26%, but there is a valuation of 6% that never
works in a family, therefore it is known that most of the micro-businesses are
family businesses.
Most small
and large businesses are created mainly to meet our needs, knowing that to stay
mobile with money, it is vital to devote time to the administrative part of
your business, since this will define whether it remains standing or collapses
completely, which is why this research group has been dedicated to know how
important is the administrative part for micro businesses in the parish
Leonidas Plaza Cesar Rupertti Dueñas
Avenue because previously there was visualization of failures. Small businesses
acquire a special importance for the economic and social structure of the
country as they are immersed in a new globalizing context, they face new
problems, new challenges, which forces them to adopt or develop new action
alternatives to be able to remain and join competitive markets. (Milenio,
2012) .
So, it can
be said that management training is not something that can be chosen, since it
is of great importance and even more so if you want to grow the business you are starting, so Leonidas Plaza business owners
should learn more to create an administrative strategy that suits them or help
them with economic growth, the goal of any business.
CONCLUSIONS
It can be
concluded that the owners of the micro businesses in the Leonidas Plaza parish
on Cesar Rupertti Dueñas Avenue do not have control of the businesses (results
of the investigation), which makes it clear that the owners of the businesses
with the administrative system that they are carrying out are denying
themselves the possibility of generating more employment, affecting their
permanence and therefore not without economic growth.
It is for
this reason that we wish to promote the provision of the training service of
the Ministry of Industries and Productivity of Ecuador to lead to a growth in
the labor and economic field of small and medium enterprises favoring Ecuador
in a global way.
In relation
to all of the above, it should be emphasized that the only purpose of this is
for the administrator to have personal conditions for success in any field or
organization in which he/she wishes to develop, given that he/she will be able
to obtain better possibilities of success in the future.
REFERENCES
Becerra
Bizarrón, M. E., & Cortes Palacios, E. M. (2018). Factores de
permanencia empresarial de las microempresas del sector comercio de Puerto
Vallarta, Jalisco / Factors of Business Permanence of the Microenterprises
of the Commerce Sector of Puerto Vallarta, Jalisco. RIDE Revista
Iberoamericana Para La Investigación y El Desarrollo Educativo, 9(17),
865-890. https://doi.org/10.23913/ride.v9i17.412
Espinoza, M. Mejía, L. Meneses, W. Hidalgo, M. Romero,
M. and Román, V. (2024). Emprendimiento Sostenible: Una propuesta para la
creación de empresas desde los talentos estudiantiles. Ed. Red
Iberoamericana de Academias de Investigación. https://redibai-myd.org/2024/06/26/emprendimiento-sostenible-una-propuesta-para-la-creacion-de-empresas-desde-los-talentos-estudiantiles/
Estrella Quispe, A. F., & Pérez Hidalgo, J. P.
(2014). Scientific Article - Incidencia de la Gestión Empresarial del
sector Agroindustrial en el desarrollo económico de las pequeñas y
medianas empresas de la provincia de Santo Domingo de los Tsáchilas, en el
período 2010-2012. http://repositorio.espe.edu.ec/jspui/handle/21000/9329
GAD Municipal Sucre. (2016). GAD Municipal del Cantón
Sucre, Manabí.
https://vymaps.com/EC/GAD-Municipal-del-Cant-n-Sucre-3177345/
Idalberto, C. (2006).
Introduction to the General Theory of Management. In Mc Graw Hill
Interamericana.
https://naghelsy.files.wordpress.com/2016/02/introduccic3b3n-a-la-teorc3ada-general-de-la-administracic3b3n-7ma-edicic3b3n-idalberto-chiavenato.pdf
INESEM. (2004). Articles on
Accounting and Finance| Revista Digital.
https://revistadigital.inesem.es/gestion-empresarial/categorias/finanzas-y-contabilidad/
Millennium, R. T. (2012). Small
Business Administration.
//efaidnbmnnnibpcajpcglclefindmkaj/viewer.html?pdfurl=http%3A%2F%2F%2Faliat.org.mx%2FDigitalLibraries%2Feconomico_administrativo%2FAdministracion_de_pequenas_empresas.pdf&chunk=true
Ricardo Monge-Gonzalez. (2019).
Factors influencing the performance of SMEs: a qualitative perspective of
Costa Rican entrepreneurs. Academia & Negocios Journal, 4(2), 95-106.
file:///C:/Users/Acer/Downloads/Dialnet-FactoresQueInfluyenEnElDesempenoDeLasPYMEs-6750258.pdf.
Rodríguez, H. A. R. (2003). Competitiveness and business
management. Revista Escuela de Administración de Negocios, 48, 132-143.
https://journal.universidadean.edu.co/index.php/Revista/article/view/258
Ron Amores, R. E., & Sacoto Castillo, V. A. (2017). Ecuadorian SMEs: Their impact on employment as
contribution of GDP SMEs to total GDP. Espacios, 38(53).
//efaidnbmnnnibpcajpcajpcglclefindmkaj/viewer.html?pdfurl=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.revistaespacios.com%2Fa17v38n53%2Fa17v38n53p15.pdf&clen=528721&chunk=true
Ruth Yadira Sumba Bustamante (2018, July 29). Microenterprises and the need for strengthening:
reflections from the southern zone of Manabí, Ecuador.
http://scielo.sld.cu/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S2218-36202018000500323
[*] Engineer in Business Administration.
Master in Business Management
Lecturer at the Universidad Laica
Eloy Alfaro de Manabí ULEAM, Sucre extension
[*] Bachelor's Degree in Business
Administration, Universidad Laica Eloy Alfaro de
Manabí ULEAM, Sucre Extension, e1314710664@live.uleam.ec
[*] Master in Business Administration with mention in Marketing. Marketing
Engineer. Professor at the Universidad Laica Eloy
Alfaro de Manabí ULEAM, Sucre extension, luis.mejía@uleam.edu.ec ;
[*] Commercial Engineer, Master in Tourism Management, Doctor in Tourism, Professor at the Universidad Laica
Eloy Alfaro de Manabí ULEAM, Sucre extension Doctor in Tourism from the
University of Alicante - Spain,jairo.intriago@uleam.edu.ec ; jeit1@alu.ua.es
[*] Bachelor in Nursing, Master in Health Management for
Local Development, Professor at the Universidad Laica
Eloy Alfaro de Manabí, extension Sucre, Ecuadorlida.paladines@uleam.edu.ec